EXCERPT FROM THE STUDY
Productivity is a concept often misinterpreted with efficiency by many people. However, both concepts exhibit similarity, yet they are different economic concepts. In the formal educational system, both concepts each refer to a different relationship between inputs and outputs. Inputs are the resources used to produce education, such as per-student expenditures; student-teacher ratios; teacher education, experience, and salary; school facilities; and administrative factors, the teachers’ time; buildings; learning materials; equipment; students, time, etc. While outputs are the products of education such as the number of students who are educated, their qualifications, their cognitive learning, the cultural, sporting and life skills they have obtained, the welfare services provided by the schools, etc. It is important to note that output is distinct from objectives. While objectives encompass broad purpose of education service, for example, vocational training, intellectual, physical growth of the students, etc, output, on the other hand, refers to the specific means by which these broad objectives are achieved. For instance, equality of opportunity or access to education is an objective, but achieving a target of 40% female access of the available opportunity in that form of education is an output. Thus, while efficiency is more concerned with the internal cost of the production process, productivity, in its own right, focuses more on output.
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